Intoxication par arsenic

l'eau potable contaminée à l'arsenic dans le nord

WASHINGTON - L'eau potable dans le nord du Vietnam est contaminée par de l'arsenic, avec des concentrations 50 fois supérieures aux normes admises, selon Environmental Science and Technology, le journal de l'American Chemical Society. Plus de onze millions de personnes s'approvisionnant en eau de puits dans la région du delta du Fleuve Rouge, près de Hanoï, sont potentiellement concernées bien qu'aucun cas d'empoisonnement à l'arsenic n'ait été signalé par les autorités vietnamiennes, précise le chercheur Michael Berg.

Avec son équipe de chercheurs de l'Institut suisse de chimie environnementale et de l'Université des sciences de Hanoï, il a relevé des niveaux d'arsenic dans 69 puits excédant la norme de 50 microgrammes par litre, avec des pointes jusqu'à 3.000 microgrammes. "Dans les zones rurales, les eaux non traitées sont consommées directement comme eau potable. Plusieurs millions de personnes totalement ignorantes sont exposées à un risque immédiat", affirme Michael Berg.

Un cas similaire d'eau contaminée avait été mis au jour récemment dans une région située entre l'Inde et le Bangladesh et avait été qualifié par l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) du "plus grand empoisonnement de population de l'histoire". L'arsenic à petite dose peut provoquer des maladies de la peau et des troubles neurologiques et cardiaques. Une exposition à long terme accroît les risques de cancer. A doses plus élevées, il entraîne la mort.

Agence France Presse, le 30 Juin 2001.

Press release of the American Chemical Society

June 27, 2001

EMBARGOED FOR RELEASE: Sunday, July 1, 4:30 p.m., Eastern Standard Time

Drinking water in Vietnam contains dangerous arsenic levels

The drinking water in parts of northern Vietnam is contaminated with arsenic levels 50 times higher than Vietnamese standards, according to a report published in the July 1 issue of Environmental Science & Technology, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Chemical Society, the world's largest scientific society.

Although no arsenic-related health problems have been reported there yet, more than 11 million people are potentially exposed to the tainted water, according to Michael Berg, a research team leader from the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology and the Centre of Environmental Chemistry at the Hanoi University of Science. The report is the first scientific evidence identifying previously unknown and potentially hazardous arsenic levels in drinking water pulled from shallow wells in the country, he said

The problem flows largely from "tubewells," which pull water from depths of between approximately 30 feet and 120 feet, according to the researchers. The wells, designed to provide safe drinking water by avoiding polluted surface waters, inadvertently tapped into arsenic-contaminated underground aquifers, Berg said.

Arsenic is found naturally in rocks, soils and the waters in contact with them. Consuming arsenic can cause skin disease, cardiovascular and neurological problems. Long-term exposure has been shown to increase the risk of lung, bladder, liver and prostate cancer, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Measuring the ground (and, in this case, drinking) water in 69 wells over a nearly 500 square mile area in the Red River delta near Hanoi, researchers found average arsenic levels more than three times the nation's 50-microgram per liter health standard with peaks up to 3,000 micrograms per liter in groundwater. Nearly half of the well water samples contained arsenic levels above the standard and approximately 20 percent exceeded 150 micrograms per liter, he reported.

Berg's group compares the arsenic levels in Vietnam with an area between India and Bangladesh where tainted groundwater contributed to what a World Health Organization report called the "largest poisoning of a population in history."

"We would like to emphasize that the arsenic contamination levels in aquifers of Vietnam are of the same order of magnitude as in Bangladesh," he said. "In rural areas, the untreated groundwater is consumed directly as drinking water, hence several million totally unaware people are at immediate risk."

The researchers have suggested to the Vietnamese government that early warning of the problem might allow it to make people aware of the elevated arsenic levels and to put systems in place that could mitigate the severity of the exposure. The population near the India-Bangladesh border - which has arsenic levels equivalent to northern Vietnam's - has experienced severe health problems attributed to the arsenic, according to WHO.

Less than one percent of groundwater in the United States exceeds the same 50 microgram standard, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. The U.S. EPA has proposed lowering the maximum arsenic level in drinking water to 10 micrograms per liter of water, the standard recommended by the WHO, a measure currently being evaluated.

The research cited above was funded by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation.

- By Jonathan Lifland

# # #

A feature article based on this research will be available after the July 1 publication date and can be found at http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-a/35/i13/html/13christen.html.

The online version of the research paper cited above was initially published July 1 on the journal's Web site. Journalists can arrange access to this site by sending an email to newsroom@acs.org or calling the contact person for this release.

Michael Berg is an environmental chemist at the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG) in Duebendorf, Switzerland.

Eau potable: Ressource naturelle précieuse

Jusqu'en 1991, parmi les 2.360 cours d'eau de 10km de long et plus sur le sol du Vietnam, aucun n'était pollué ni ne souffrait de la baisse de sa réserve d'eau, sauf certains destinés à évacuer les eaux résiduelles, comme la rivière Nhuê ou des tronçons des cours d'eau près de la zone industrielle Viêt Tri.

Cependant, depuis peu, les cours d'eau dans le Nord, le Centre et le Sud connaissent une grave baisse de la qualité de leurs eaux. Le volume des eaux usées, d'origine industrielle et de la vie quotidienne, monte de 2,5 millions de mètres cubes à trois millions de mètres cubes par jour, ce qui provoque une grave pollution de plusieurs rivières. D'autre part, l'extraction des minerais pollue les sources d'eau en amont des rivières Lô, Câu, Pho Day. En outre, la teneur en métaux lourds, comme le cuivre, le zinc, l'arsenic et le plomb dans les eaux du Fleuve Rouge, en aval des zones industrielles, a dépassé le seuil de tolérance. Vient s'y ajouter un grand nombre de bactéries, notamment dans les régions où s'implantent les sucreries et les usines à papier. Le Delta du Mékong a atteint la côte d'alerte de la pollution biologique, à savoir que le nombre de bactéries Caliform s'élève à 1.520.000 unités/100 ml d'eau dans le cours d'eau Vi Thanh et à 1.210.000 unités/100 ml dans le Cai Lon.

Sur le système du fleuve Thai Binh, delta du Nord, les scientifiques redoutent une diminution considérable de l'eau, de sorte qu'il coulerait à sec pendant la saison sèche. Certaines régions du Centre, des Hauts Plateaux et de la partie Nord du Sud seraient frappées de désertification, faute d'eau.

Actuellement, les nappes phréatiques représentent une réserve de 50-60 milliards de m3 sur l'ensemble du Vietnam. Selon les experts, si l'on veut alimenter une zone industrielle vaste d'un hectare, on doit faire appel aux nappes d'eau d'une région vaste de 20 à 50 hectares. Mais ces normes ne sont pas respectées, surtout dans les grandes villes. A Hanoi, l'exploitation de 350.000 à 500.000 mètres cubes par jour a fait chuter le niveau d'eau dans les puits d'un à 22,5 mètres et la capacité des pompages, de 20% - 50%. D'autre part, la grande densité des puits forés entraîne des déformations de la croûte de surface, tel l'affaissement de certains lieux à Hanoi: Thuong Cat (-1,9 mm); Thanh Công (-77,9 mm); Phap Vân (-175,99 mm). De plus, on constate une haute teneur de mercure et de manganèse dans l'eau dans le Delta du Fleuve Rouge, de fer dans les régions deltaïques ainsi qu'une baisse de pH dans la région Quang Ninh au Nord-Est. CVN

Références bibliographiques et webliographiques

Adair Jason, Arsenic, 1998, http://toxicology.lsumc.edu/arsenic.doc

Agusa T, Kunito T, Fujihara J, Kubota R, Minh TB, Kim Trang PT, Iwata H, Subramanian A, Viet PH, Tanabe S. Contamination by arsenic and other trace elements in tube-well water and its risk assessment to humans in Hanoi, Vietnam. Environ Pollut. 2006 Jan;139(1):95-106. Epub 2005 Jul 11.

Concentrations of As and other trace elements and their association were examined in groundwater (n=25) and human hair (n=59) collected at Gia Lam District and Thanh Tri District, suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, in September 2001. Concentrations of As in the groundwater ranged from <0.10 to 330 mug/l, with about 40% of these exceeding WHO drinking water guideline of 10mug/l. Also, 76% and 12% of groundwater samples had higher concentrations of Mn and Ba than WHO drinking water guidelines, respectively. Arsenic concentrations in hair of residents in Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts (range 0.088-2.77mug/g dry wt.) were lower than those in other As-contaminated areas of the world, but were higher than those of people in non-contaminated areas. Concentrations of As and Mn in hair of some individuals from the Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts exceeded the level associated with their toxicity and, therefore, a potential health risk of As and Mn is a concern for the people consuming the contaminated water in this area. Cumulative As exposure was estimated to be lower than the threshold levels at the present, which might explain the absence of manifestations of chronic As poisoning and arsenicosis in the residents of Gia Lam and Thanh Tri Districts. To our knowledge, this study revealed for the first time that the residents are exposed not only to As but also Mn and Ba from groundwater in the Red River Delta, Vietnam.

PMID: 16009476 [PubMed - in process]

Arsenic, aout 1992 http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/dhm/catalogue/dpc_pubs/rqepdoc_appui/arsenic.pdf, august 1992http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ehp/ehd/catalogue/bch_pubs/dwgsup_doc/arsenic.pdf

Arsenic, Metals as toxins, Metals in health and disease, http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session2/group29/arsentox.htm

Arsenic and arsenic compounds, Chronic toxicity summary, Determination of non cancer chronic reference exposure levels, december 2000, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/chronic_rels/pdf/arsenics.pdf

Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, Cronic toxicity summary, Determination of acute reference exposure levels of airborne toxicants, march 1999, http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/acute_rels/pdf/ArsInArsA.pdf

Arsenic pentafluoride, BOC Gases, Material safety data sheet, http://www.vngas.com/pdf/g123.pdf

Arsenical pesticides, http://ace.orst.edu/info/npic/RMPP/rmpp_ch14.pdf

Arsenicisme, http://www.worldwaterday.org/2001/lgfr/disease/arsenicosis.html

Arsine, BOC gages, Material safety data sheet, http://www.vngas.com/pdf/g9.pdf

Arsine, http://www.eorm.com/news/arsine%20tlv.pdf

AusAID, Arsenic in drinking water in Vietnam, March 2002, http://www.developmentgateway.com.au/pdf/health/ArsenicV.pdf

Berg Michael (EAWAG Eidgenöschische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz, Duebendorf CH),

-, Arsenic in drinking water in Viêt Nam, (draft), march 2002, http://www.developmentgateway.com.au/pdf/health/ArsenicV.pdf

- De l'arsenic dans l'eau potable - le Viêtnam nouveau point de mire, http://www.eawag.ch/publications/eawagnews/www_en53/en53f_screen/en53f_berg_s.pdf

-, Arsen im Trinkwasser, neuer Brennpunkt Viêt Nam, http://www.eawag.ch/publications/eawagnews/www_en53/en53d_printer/en53d_berg_p.pdf

- Berg Michael, Giger Walter, Nguyên thi Chuyên, Pham Hùng Viêt, Schertenleib Roland, Trân Hông Côn, Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater and Drinking Water in Vietnam: A Human Health Threat, ES&T Environmental Science and Technology, 2001

Abstract
Here we report for the first time on arsenic contamination of the Red River alluvial tract in the city of Hanoi and in the surrounding rural districts. Due to naturally occurring organic matter in the sediments, the groundwaters are anoxic and rich in iron. With an average arsenic concentration of 159 µg/L the contamination levels varied from 1­3,050 µg/L in rural groundwater samples from private small-scale tubewells. In a highly affected rural area, the groundwater used directly as drinking water had an average concentration of 430 µg/L arsenic. Analysis of raw groundwater pumped from the lower aquifer for the Hanoi water supply yielded arsenic levels of 240­320 µg/L in three of eight treatment plants and 37­82 µg/L in another five plants. Aeration and sand filtration that are applied in the treatment plants for iron removal lowered the arsenic concentrations to lower levels of 25­91 µg/L but 50% remained above the Vietnamese Standard of 50 µg/L. Extracts of sediment samples from five bore cores showed a correlation of arsenic and iron contents (r2 0.700, n=64). The arsenic in the sediments may be associated with iron oxyhydroxides and released to the groundwater by reductive dissolution of iron. Oxidation of sulfide phases could also release arsenic to the groundwater but sulfur concentrations in sediments were below 1 mg/g. The high arsenic concentrations found in the tubewells (48% above 50 µg/L, 20% above 150 µg/L) indicate that several million people consuming untreated groundwater might be at a considerable risk of chronic arsenic poisoning.

Brondeau MT, Jargot D, Mirawal S, Pillière F, Protois JC, Reynier M, Schneider O, Trihydrure d'Arsenic AsH3, INRS Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 2000, http://www.inrs.fr/dossiers/fichtox/ft53.pdf

CDC, NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Arsine (Arsenic Hydride) Poisoning in the workplace, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/79142_32.html

Chen Jonathan, McMahon Tim, Inorganic arsenic - Report of the hazard identification assessment review committee, august 21 2001, http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/2001/october/inorganicarsenic.pdf

Chen Syr-Song, Cheng Chieu-Chen, Chou Shin-Shou, Lee Bi-Yu, Determination of Arsenic in edible fats and oils by focused microwave digestion and atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer, Journal of food and drug analysis, Vol 9, N° 2, 2001, pages 121-125, http://www.nlfd.gov.tw/jfda/content/92/09.pdf

Dyro Frances M., Arsenic, emedicine, http://www.emedicine.com/neuro/topic20.htm

Ekwall Björn, Hallander Sara, Arsein. Time-related lethal blood concentrations from acute human poisoning of chemicals. Sweden 1997, http://www.cctoxconsulting.a.se/26_arsenikoxid.pdf

Flora SJS, Tripathi Neelima, Treatment of arsenic poisoning : an update, Indian journal 1998; 30 : 209-217, http://www.ijp-online.com/archives/1998/030/04/r0209-0217re.pdf

Frankenberger Jr WT, Tamaki S, Environmental Biochemistry of Arsenic, Department of soil and environmental sciences, university of California Riverside, march 1989, http://www.nic.edu/library/superfund/refdocs%5Ccda0229.pdf

Heath effects from exposure to CCA-treated wood, http://www.preservedwood.com/safety/011020cca_app-d.pdf

Hô Thi Lâm Trà, Status of heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils and river-sediments in central Hà Nôi, in Wastewater reuse in agriculture in Viêt Nam : water management, environment and human health aspects, http://www.cgiar.org/iwmi/pubs/working/WOR30.pdf

Hô Thi Lâm Trà and Kazuhiko Egashira, Heavy metal characterization of river sediment in Hà Nôi, Viêt Nam. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 31 (17 & 18) : 2901 - 2916

IEO Institut de l'Europe Occidentale pour l'imprégnation du bois, Marketing and use of dangerous substances - Arsenic compounds, http://www.irg-wp.com/Documents/2002/arsenic.pdf

IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety, Arsenic, Environmental Health Criteria, http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc018.htm

-, Inorganic Arsenic compounds other than Arsine health and safety guide, http://www.inchem.org/documents/hsg/hsg/hsg070.htm

Irwin Roy J. et al., Environmental contaminants encyclopedia, Arsenic entry, National Park service, july 1 1997, http://www.nature.nps.gov/toxic/arsenic.pdf

Kovalski Lachance et Dany Thibault, L'arsenic, Sherbrooke QC, http://mendeleiev.cyberscol.qc.ca/chimisterie/9604/DThibault.html

Loveland Bara H., Autumn - time of mothball (boule antimite, naphtaline) intoxication, http://www.salesmansdigest.com/biochakra/Hilites/oct_01.htm

Maladies professionnelles, Tableau des maladies professionnelles, Tableau N° 20, Affections professionnelles provoquées par l'arsenic et ses composés minéraux, Barême indicatif d'invalidité, Union des caisses nationales de sécurité sociale, http://www.ucanss.fr/services/textes_documents/bareme_invalidite/Tableaux_mp/tab_pdf/tableau20.pdf

-, Tableau n°21 Intoxication professionnelle par l'hydrogène arsénié, http://www.ucanss.fr/services/textes_documents/bareme_invalidite/Tableaux_mp/tab_pdf/tableau21.pdf

Mai Thanh Truyêt, Ô-nhiêm arsenic : phuong-huong giai-quyêt, West Covina 9 / 2000, http://www.vastvn.org/trgqas.html

Mai Thanh Truyêt & Pham Phan Long, Groundwater Arsenic Contamination: Can It Happen In The Mekong Delta ? A Vietnamese Perspective, http://www.vastvn.org/tras.html

Marcus Steven, Toxiciry Arsenic, emedicine 2000, http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic42.htm

Memotec N° 3, L'arsenic dans l'eau potable, http://www.gls.fr/memotec3.htm, http://www.gls.fr/pdf/Memotec3-ArsenicEauPotable.pdf

Meng, Xiao Guang, Jing, C. Y., Korfiatis, G. P. "A Review of Redox Transformation of Arsenic in Aquatic Environments" In ACS Symposium Series volume "Biogeochemistry of Environmentally Important Element" (in press)

Meng, X. G., Korfiatis, G. P., Bang, S. B. and Bang, K. W. (2002) "Combined Effects of Anions on Arsenic Removal by Iron Hydroxides" Toxicology Letters, 133, 103-111.

Meng, X. G., Korfiatis, G. P., Jing, C. Y., Christodoulatos, C. (2001) "Redox Transformations of Arsenic and Iron in Water Treatment Sludge during Aging and TCLP Extraction" Environmental Science Technology, 35, 3476-3481.

Meng, X. G., Bang, S. B. and Korfiatis, G. P. (2000) “Effect of Silicate, Sulfate, and Carbonate on Arsenic Removal by Ferric Chloride” Water Research, 34, 1255-1261.

Meng, X. G. and Wang, W. (1998) “Speciation of Arsenic by Disposable Cartridges” In Book of Posters of the Third International Conference on Arsenic Exposure and Health Effects: Society of Environmental Geochemistry and Health, University of Colorado at Denver.

Motsch Nicole (AMETIF), Surveillance médicale spéciale boissons futé, Arsenic et ses composés, http://www.bossons-fute.com/Sms/arsenic.html

-, Hydrogène arsenié, http://www.bossons-fute.com/Sms/hydrogenearsenie.html

National Academies Press, CLS Commission on life sciences, Arsenic in drinking water, 1999, http://search.nap.edu/books/0309063337/html/

Office of Environmental Health Assessment Services, Hazards of short-term exposure to arsenic-contaminated soil, january 1999, http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/oehas/publications%20pdf/finacute.pdf

OMNI, Arsenic poisoning, http://omni.ac.uk/browse/mesh/detail/C0311375L0372898.html

OMS, L'arsenic dans l'eau de boisson, Aide-mémoire N° 210 Révisé en mai 2001, Bulletin de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, volume 78 (9) : page 1096 , http://www.who.int/inf-fs/fr/am210.html

OMS, Arsénicisme, Journée mondiale de l'eau, http://www.worldwaterday.org/2001/lgfr/disease/arsenicosis.html

OMS, Intoxication collective à l'arsenic : une catastrophe imminente, avertissent les chercheurs, Communiqué de Presse 8 septembre 2000, http://www.who.int/inf-pr-2000/fr/cp2000-55.html

Rahman Mahfuzar, Nonmalignant health effects of Arsenic exposure, Linköping university medical dissertations, Sweden 1999, http://www.cudenver.edu/as2000/thesis1.pdf

SOS - Arsenic.net, http://www.sos-arsenic.net/french/index.html

PAN Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database, Pesticide Chemicals, Chemical Information about Arsenic acid, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/PCW/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC10

Stevens Institute of Technology SIT, Hoboken New Jersey, http://www.stevens-tech.edu/

-, Center for environmental engineering CEE, http://www.cee.stevens-tech.edu/CEE_SIT/Arsenic.pdf

Stevens News Service, http://www.stevensnewsservice.com/pr234.htm, HydroGlobe http://www.hydroglobe.com

TBA Tertiary butylarsine C4H11As, Mochem Metal organic chemicals, Material safety data sheet, http://www.emf.co.uk/docs/tba_tertiarybutylarsine.pdf

Tong Ngoc Thanh, Arsenic pollution in groundwater in the Red River delta, http://www.unescap.org/esd/water/publications/CD/escap-iwmi/arsenic/Arsenic%20pollution%20in%20groundwater%20in%20the%20Red%20River%20delta..pdf

ULB, L'arsenic, toxicologie industrielle et environnementale, http://www.ulb.ac.be/esp/lsttm/courscdb/arsenic.html

UCL, Pesticides, http://www.md.ucl.ac.be/toxi/cours/PESTIC.pdf

Wegelin Martin, Le traitement de l'eau, aussi au niveau des ménages, http://www.eawag.ch/publications/eawagnews/www_en48/en48f_pdf/en48f_weg.pdf

Xiaoguang Meng, voir Meng Xiaoguang

Axelson O, Dahlgren E, Jansson CD: Arsenic exposure and mortality: a case-referent study from a Swedish copper smelter. Br J Ind Med 1978 Feb; 35(1): 8-15[Medline].
Bates MN, Smith AH, Hopenhayn-Rich C: Arsenic ingestion and internal cancers: a review. Am J Epidemiol 1992 Mar 1; 135(5): 462-76[Medline].
Chen CJ, Wu MM, Lee SS: Atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of high-arsenic artesian well water. Multiple risk factors and related malignant neoplasms of blackfoot disease. Arteriosclerosis 1988 Sep-Oct; 8(5): 452-60[Medline].
Donofrio PD, Wilbourn AJ, Albers JW: Acute arsenic intoxication presenting as Guillain-Barre-like syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1987 Feb; 10(2): 114-20[Medline].
Enterline PE, Henderson VL, Marsh GM: Exposure to arsenic and respiratory cancer. A reanalysis. Am J Epidemiol 1987 Jun; 125(6): 929-38[Medline].
Ford Marsha: Arsenic. In: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, et al, eds. Toxicologic Emergencies. 1994: 1011-1029.
Fowler BA, Weissberg JB: Arsine poisoning. N Engl J Med 1974 Nov 28; 291(22): 1171-4[Medline].
Franzblau A, Lilis R: Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure. Arch Environ Health 1989 Nov-Dec; 44(6): 385-90[Medline].

Gerhardt RE, Crecelius EA, Hudson JB: Moonshine-related arsenic poisoning. Arch Intern Med 1980 Feb; 140(2): 211-3[Medline].
Graeme KA, Pollack CV Jr: Heavy metal toxicity, Part I: arsenic and mercury. J Emerg Med 1998 Jan-Feb; 16(1): 45-56[Medline].
Heinrich-Ramm R, Mindt-Prufert S, Szadkowski D: Arsenic species excretion in a group of persons in northern Germany-- contribution to the evaluation of reference values. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2001 Jul; 203(5-6): 475-7[Medline].
Heyman A, Pfeiffer JB, Willett RW: Peripheral neuropathy caused by arsenical intoxication: A study of 41 cases with observations on the effects of BAL (2,3,Dimercapto-Propanol). N Engl J Med 1956; 254:401-409.
Karagas MR, Le CX, Morris S: Markers of low level arsenic exposure for evaluating human cancer risks in a US population. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2001; 14(2): 171-5[Medline].
Kyle RA, Pease GL: Hematologic aspects of arsenic intoxication. N Engl J Med 1965; 273: 18-23.
Lee AM, Fraumeni JF Jr: Arsenic and respiratory cancer in man: an occupational study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1969 Jun; 42(6): 1045-52[Medline].
Massey EW: Arsenic neuropathy [letter]. Neurology 1981 Aug; 31(8): 1057-8[Medline].
Moyer TP: Testing for arsenic. Mayo Clin Proc 1993 Dec; 68(12): 1210-1[Medline].

Muckter H, Liebl B, Reichl FX, et al: Are we ready to replace dimercaprol (BAL) as an arsenic antidote? Hum Exp Toxicol 1997 Aug; 16(8): 460-5[Medline].
Navarro B, Sayas MJ, Atienza A, Leon P: An unhappily married man with thick soles. Lancet 1996 Jun 8; 347(9015): 1596[Medline].
Neubauer O: Arsenical cancer. Br J Cancer 1947; 1:192-251.

Severo R: Albany consumer unit calls sealant a health peril. NY Times Mag. 1976 Dec 30; 42.

Retour à Hà Nôi